
Artificial
intelligence has taken the wired world by storm, but the backlash
came almost as fast. Progressives complain of job losses,
environmentalists question the ecological impacts of huge data
centers, and local activists are clamoring for assurances that
household utility bills won’t skyrocket because of the centers’
voracious electricity requirements. Others simply worry that the
technology will overwhelm humans’ ability to control it.
At
least in part, these reactions stem from the overselling of AI.
AI is
super cool, but it’s not superhuman nor is it super intelligent. AI
is simply very fast processing of vast amounts of data.
Intelligence,
knowledge, understanding and wisdom are all different concepts; the
distinction between them elucidates the scope and limits of both
human and electronic “intelligence.”
Intelligence
is the ability to process information into an internally coherent
framework that’s useful and adds or detracts from knowledge to the
extent it is more or less accurate. Knowledge is the accumulation of
information organized into coherent frames or models that help us
understand. Understanding is awareness of the significance, purpose,
or meaning of accumulated knowledge.
And
wisdom is judgment seasoned by experience and the awareness that
intelligence, knowledge, and understanding are limited, inherently
flawed, and useful only to the extent they advance a worthwhile
purpose.
Nearly
2,500 years ago, the Oracle of Delphi reportedly declared that no man
was wiser than Socrates. Socrates claimed to be stunned by this
because he was keenly aware of how much he didn’t know. But after
talking to others widely acclaimed to be knowledgeable, such as the
leading politicians, poets, philosophers, and artisans of his day, he
discerned this Delphic wisdom: Those claiming knowledge were ignorant
of their own ignorance, whereas Socrates knew he knew nothing.
For
this insight, Socrates was put to death for impiety and corrupting
the youth of Athens, thereby proving for all time both the
foolishness of his accusers’ certainty and the wisdom of Socratic
questioning.
This
bears repeating today, as we enter the Age of Artificial
Intelligence: it’s wise to question the “intelligence” of
machines, the “knowledge” they propagate, and our understanding
of the significance and limits of the technology.
AI
models are amazing and useful despite being incomprehensible to most
of us, but AI is not infallible. AI will expand human knowledge and
understanding of the world only if and to the extent that human users
are encouraged to question AI results, processes, and functions.
People
make mistakes, as do the people making and training the machines.
Still, people tend to trust machines more than people, especially
with respect to processing information that’s harder to process.
For example, tennis players have more faith in electronic line calls
over human line calls, although that faith in the new technology has
been shaken by errors, such as when ball marks are inconsistent with
the electronic line calls.
As AI
use spreads, people will increasingly rely on AI and trust its
results for routine tasks (like Google searches), while most people
remain more skeptical of AI results for more complex tasks and do not
trust AI to act to handle certain tasks for its users without human
intervention.
It’s
wise to question AI’s results; errors are common even in routine
searches.
Examples
of AI errors, hallucinations and political bias are rife. A
Northwestern University business school professor of my acquaintance
recently asked ChatGPT for advice evaluating investment alternatives.
ChatGPT recommended he invest in a particular fund and described in
detail that fund’s returns, risks, and assets. When the professor
went to invest in ChatGPT’s recommended fund, he discovered the
fund did not actually exist; ChatGPT made it all up (a phenomenon
commonly referred to as “AI hallucination”).
Indeed,
AI can screw up even mundane tasks: In my research for this piece, a
Google AI summary ascribed quotes to Socrates that are not supported
by any historical record.
Artificial
intelligence – like human intelligence – is prone to error and is
not always reliable, but that’s to be expected, especially in a
fledgling technology. AI is artificial intelligence, not artificial
knowledge, understanding, or wisdom. AI is a processor, a very fast
processor, that organizes and distills information – and organized
information is easier to evaluate and use by humans than vast amounts
of unorganized information.
Properly
understood, AI supplements and does not replace human intelligence,
knowledge, or understanding; plus, the limitations and faults within
these amazing models remind us that human intelligence is limited,
too. Human intelligence imperfectly organizes the imperfect data to
which a human has access and frames data in a subjective, not an
objective, manner.
Many
of us expect the machines that humans make to have “better”
intelligence than the intelligence of its human creators – more
objective, more comprehensive, more insightful. This is a naĆÆve
hope. In one sense, it is “better.” AI organizes more information
faster than humans can. But who do they think programmed the thing?
Every AI model is regurgitating imperfect information collected,
created, and input by imperfect, subjective human beings.
What
to make of all this?
First,
perhaps the math nerds creating AI are mistakenly training machines
to handle information processing on human topics as if human topics
are math problems with a specific answer. Perhaps instead, machines
should be trained to suggest questions to consider instead of answers
to accept with respect to human inquiries relating to politics,
economics, psychology, child rearing, crop science – the full range
of arts, humanities, and social sciences.
Second,
people training these machines should be explicit about the biases
and perspectives being built into how the AI organizes, sorts, and
frames information.
Third,
AI creators should consider the political, regulatory, and legal
risks of “overselling” what AI is and what it can do. For
example, should AI creators anticipate a duty to warn users of
shortcomings with AI’s results and/or disclaimers of warranties?
Fourth,
AI creators need to consider improving the quality of data upon which
the systems are being trained, recognizing that many online data
sources intentionally mislead to advance political agendas. Perfectly
“unbiased” information is impossible to obtain, but some
information is more accurate and less biased than other information;
trainers should exercise better judgement about data.
The
creation of AI large language models is an incredible feat of
engineering. It’s quite useful, and will soon be essential, but it
is still a product of human invention. As such, we need to recognize
that AI is ultimately just the latest, greatest – but still
imperfect – implement invented and used by homo sapiens to make
life better for homo sapiens.
by
Richard Porter at realclearpolitics.com on April 15, 2026